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History of Morocco

Morocco stands as one of Africa’s oldest kingdoms, with a rich history spanning over 1,200 years. The country has maintained its independence through multiple dynasties, from the Idrisids to the current Alaouite Dynasty, while successfully preserving its cultural identity despite various foreign influences, including Phoenician, Roman, Arab, Spanish, and French.

First Kingdom

Dynasties Total

Centuries Uncolonized

Ancient Kasbahs

Chronological history

Pre-Islamic Period (before 680s CE):

  • Indigenous Berber (Amazigh) populations inhabited the region
  • Phoenicians established trading posts along the coast
  • Romans controlled northern Morocco as the province of Mauretania Tingitana
  • Brief Byzantine presence in some coastal areas

Early Islamic Period & First Dynasties (680s-1060):

  • Arab conquest brought Islam to the region
  • 788: Idris I established the Idrisid Dynasty, the first major Muslim dynasty
  • Foundation of Fes, which became a major Islamic cultural center

Berber Dynasties (1060-1549):

  • Almoravid Dynasty (1060-1147): Extended control into Spain, built Marrakech
  • Almohad Dynasty (1147-1269): Period of great cultural and architectural achievement
  • Marinid Dynasty (1269-1465): Golden age of Moroccan architecture
  • Wattasid Dynasty (1465-1549): Period of decline and Portuguese coastal invasions

Saadian Dynasty (1549-1659):

  • Defended against Portuguese and Ottoman expansion
  • Sugar trade brought prosperity
  • Ahmad al-Mansur’s rule marked height of Saadian power

Alaouite Dynasty (1666-Present):

  • 1666: Establishment of current ruling dynasty
  • 1912: French Protectorate established
  • March 2, 1956: Independence from France
  • 1957: Mohammed V becomes King
  • 1961-1999: Hassan II’s reign
  • 1975: Green March and reclaiming of Western Sahara
  • 1999-Present: Mohammed VI’s reign

Modern Era under Mohammed VI:

  • Constitutional reforms
  • Economic modernization
  • Women’s rights improvements
  • Major infrastructure projects
  • Development of renewable energy sector
  • Regional diplomatic leadership

Contemporary Developments:

  • Significant investment in infrastructure (TGV high-speed rail, Tanger Med port)
  • Growing tourism sector
  • Expansion of automotive and aerospace industries
  • Increased focus on renewable energy projects
  • Social reforms while maintaining traditional monarchy structure
  • Growing role in African economic and political affairs

Throughout its history, Morocco has maintained its unique identity by blending Amazigh, Arab, African, and European influences while preserving its independence and cultural heritage. The country continues to modernize while respecting its traditions under the current monarchy.